Pilot edition, Spring 2027. This version of the book is being tested in a few sections and changes during the semester.

Unit 5: Foundations

You’ve been doing probability all along: every simulation was an experiment in randomness. This unit states the rules behind it. It covers probability as a long-run frequency, and the binomial distribution, which you have already built by simulation without knowing its name.

The last chapters go beyond what most introductory courses cover: random variables and expected value, and the power and sample size calculations used to plan studies.